⚜ Super fast 3-in-1 triple deep cleansing formula
⚜ Nourishes and moisturizes the skin leaving it smooth & supple
⚜ Instantly dissolves into the skin & prevents makeup from clogging the skin's pores.
⚜ Removes trapped impurities and pollution, waterproof makeup & excess oil without stripping the skin’s moisture.
⚜ Hydrates skin & keeps it healthy and glowing.
⚜ Breaks down and melts away stubborn liquid lipstick, full coverage foundation, and even waterproof mascara and liner.
⚜ Helps balance the skin's pH levels and prevent both dryness and oiliness
⚜ Gentle enough for the eye region
⚜ Doesn’t leave behind any residue and rinses off quickly and easily
⚜ Prevents dry, stretchy and itchy skin
⚜ Rich creamy texture doesn't dry out skin
⚜ Pleasant to use, without a sticky or greasy feeling
⚜ Refreshing and soothing.
⚜ Protects and nourishes the skin's acid mantle (skin's protective layer that keeps dirt and pollutants out while locking in moisture and natural oils).
⚜ Removes dead skin cells, dullness, skin tan, skin impurities
⚜ Penetrates deep and tightens the pores
⚜ Anti-Oxidants powerhouse
⚜ Rich, luxurious, and creamy texture

⚪ Moviestar™ Makeup Melter Cream has a mesmerizingly luxurious fragrance

⚪ Its natural and paraben free fragrance is created by combining the following certified organic ingredients:
⚜ Rose (sweet, fresh, and slightly spicy, with undertones of green, fruity, and powdery notes)
⚜ Lavender (has a delicate, sweet smell that is floral, herbal, and evergreen woodsy at the same time)

⚜ Scoop desired amount of this thick liquid and apply to dry skin.
⚜ Massage it in a circular, upward motion using your fingertips ill the makeup melts.
⚜ Rinse off with normal water to effortlessly remove all stubborn makeup including waterproof foundations, mascaras, eyeliners, lipsticks, eye-shadows; in addition to sunscreen, all signs of pollution including dirt & fine dust, while retaining the suppleness of your skin.

⚜ Best for daily use because it retains moisture in your skin while getting rid of pollutants and thoroughly cleansing skin without leaving the skin oily or greasy, and it rinses off quickly and easily.
⚜ It can be used at any time of the day or night to remove makeup or traces of outdoor pollution and grime.

⚜ For actors and Actresses (men and women)
⚜ Ideal for those who have to apply makeup every day.
⚜ Suitable for everyone who wants to protect their face from pollution
⚜ All skin types
⚜ Perfect for those who do not have time for multiple cleansing rounds
⚜ For those who care for Environment: This natural makeup melter cream is infinitely more environment friendly than makeup remover wipes. Makeup remover wipes are anything but good for you or the environment as they are among the biggest contributors of household waste, accounting for up to 93% of sewer blockages. It ends up in landfills for years, taking almost 100 years to decompose due to the non-biodegradable plastic in its ingredient.

BestIndian™ practices 100% transparency, and believes in disclosing all ingredients used in its products. BestIndian™ guarantees that no other ingredient, apart from those listed below, has been used in this natural and synthetic chemicals free BestIndian™ Luxury:


Red raspberry oil ⚜ Grape seed oil ⚜ Vetiver root hydrosol infused with himalayan turmeric ⚜ Manjistha ⚜ Jojoba ⚜ Red mustard powders ⚜ Cetearyl alcohol ⚜ Beeswax ⚜ Aloevera juice ⚜ Olivem 1000 ⚜ Sensicare ⚜ Essential oils of Rose & Lavender.

⚜ Store in a cool and dry place, away from direct sunlight.
⚜ For external use only.
⚜ Reading the ingredients list is recommended to ensure that the user is not allergic to any ingredient herb.
⚜ Patch test is recommended on a small area of the skin prior to the first usage.
⚜ Best before 24 months from manufacturing.

This product has been thoroughly tested by dermatologists and is guaranteed safe and dermatologist approved.

Bharat

Skin is a major human body component as delivery medium of cosmetic active ingredient, which contain multi-layered structure; (1) stratum corneum that composed with dead keratinized cells, (2) epidermis and dermis, and (3) sub-cutaneous tissue. Keratinized cells of SC contain lipid matrix composed of fatty acids, ceramides, cholesterol, and cholesterol ester which has a cement-like function characteristic.

There are three possible pathway for the topical delivery of active ingredients- intercellular, hair follicles and transcellular pathways. Intercellular pathway takes place where substance diffuses through stratum corneum via the lipid layers surrounded by keratinized cells. Second, delivery path, which is known as the hair follicles path, functions as a reservoir of active compound topically applied onto skin. This is attributable to the hair follicles part containing a dense network of blood capillaries that serve as supporting penetration medium. Third path is transcellular penetration that involve a direct delivery of active compound through the lipid layers and corneocytes to the living cells.

⚪ Makeup remover wipes Vs. Makeup Melter Cream:
Promoted as an effortless option for healthy skin, makeup remover wipes are anything but good for you or the environment. Makeup wipes are among the biggest offender of household waste, contributing to 93% of sewer blockages in the UK only. It ends up in landfills for years, taking almost 100 years to decompose due to the non-biodegradable plastic in its ingredient.

Similar to other chemical-based makeup removers, makeup wipes are loaded with surfactants, solubilizers, and emulsifiers that work by lifting oil, dirt, and makeup residue. These harsh and toxic chemicals disturb your skin's pH balance and acid mantle (skin's protective layer that keeps dirt and pollutants out while locking in moisture and natural oils; a healthy acid mantle is essential for skin health). Makeup remover wipes completely strip the natural oils from your skin, causing irritation and redness, misleading people into believing that they have sensitive skin.

Facial wipes are not designed for deep cleaning, or for removing all the impurities from the face. Instead, they break down the makeup particles, leaving behind smaller particles of residual makeup and oil that lead to clogged pores over time.

Not only do they not cleanse properly, but the process of wiping leaves your skin red, raw, and irritated. The rubbing motion required to lift the makeup can cause inflammation and micro-tears. Over time, the process causes premature wrinkles and skin pigmentation.

Extensive exposure to UVB (280–320 nm) is the major risk responsible for various skin injuries. Numerous reports have shown that natural products could demonstrate photochemopreventive efficacy against UVB damage. Red raspberry extract prevent UVB-caused cell death and protect the skin against UVB-exposed injury manifested by wrinkling, scaling, tanning, and water loss as well as epidermal thickening. In addition, red raspberry extract application effectively abolished oxidative damage in DNA and attenuated the carbonylation level of proteins, which attributed to the activation of SOD, Nrf2 and its target genes, and HO-1. Red raspberry extract also altered the cells' apoptotic signaling pathways including caspase-3 as well as the inflammatory cascade such as c-jun and attenuated UVB-induced activation of NF-κB and COX-2. Red raspberry extract could alleviate direct photodamage to the skin caused by UVB exposure through the ROS scavenger and protection against inflammatory responses, which may allow the development of novel strategies in protecting the skin subjected to UVB radiation.

Photon energy, especially ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation, induces many deleterious effects including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, and carcinogenesis. Previous studies have suggested that these events are mainly caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), which would eventually result in various skin diseases. Application of antioxidants should therefore be the effective strategy for photoprotection of the skin.
Compelling evidence showed that berry fruits possess antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic properties because berries contain large amounts of phytochemicals, including flavonoids, tannins, stillbenoids, phenolic acids, lignans, triterpenes, and sterols. Raspberry could exhibit the effect of moistening the skin and reducing the redness as well as swelling of the skin. As expected, several bioactive constituents, including polyphenolic compounds, antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, have been extracted from red raspberries (Rubus idaeus), while the effects and molecular mechanisms of red raspberry on skin photodamage have not been reported. ROS generation due to UVB radiation would disturb the normal redox balance and lead to highly oxidative stress, which subsequently promotes the carbonylation of specific groups of proteins and results in physiological dysfunction. When carbonyl groups form, they can react with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNP) and are detected by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) oxyblotting. UVB could also elicit acute inflammatory skin problems such as erythema and cell apoptosis. UVB-caused promotion of proinflammatory enzymes and the subsequent activation of an associated signaling pathway such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) would in turn trigger the production of specific inflammatory mediators including prostaglandins (PGs) and various cytokines. COX-2 cascades mediate the inflammatory process and cause pain, edema, cell growth, and tumor progression. It has been implied that inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of skin diseases under UVB exposure

Exposure to UV radiation, particularly UVB (290–320 nm), elicited harmful biological effects on the skin that could eventually result in histologic and clinical injuries such as skin aging and cancers. Prolonged exposure to UVB radiation would lead to apoptosis of keratinocytes and consequently destroy the skin's natural barrier, thus predisposing the skin to inflammation, infection, and carcinogenesis. Numerous reports have shown that natural product-derived agents would exhibit photoprotective efficacy on a UVB-damaged skin due to their diverse bioactive compounds. Moreover, the extract from berries has been added to various skin products such as creams and lotions because the extract is believed to have an efficacy on skin care with a low rate of side effects. In this regard, we investigated the antiphotodamaging activity of RBE both in vitro and in vivo because the protective potentials of RBE on the skin have remained unresolved.

Pretreatment of RBE could attenuate the skin photoaging characterized by skin thickening, erythema, wrinkles, dryness, tanning, and histologic changes, including damage to collagen fibers and abnormal growth of keratinocytes. Particularly, a previous study has indicated that the apoptotic dose of UVB is very similar to the minimal erythema dose (MED) of UVB, implying that UV-induced erythema might be an inflammatory response to the appearance of “sunburn cells” such as apoptotic cells in native human epidermis. It clearly suggests that the epidermis displays abnormal proliferation and differentiation after the UVB-caused sunburn, which appears to be crucially correlated with the impact on skin barrier function leading to photoageing or photocarcinogenesis.

The primary compounds of RBE applied here contain various types of antioxidants including cyanidin, ellagic acid, pelagonidin-3-sophoroside, and their derivatives. These bioactive compounds scavenge free radicals, particularly superoxide anions, and therefore may prevent skin injury since the increased oxygen-derived free radical has been suggested as a pivotal factor in UVB-caused skin problems. UVB exposure induces the ROS production that initiates apoptosis of skin cells and stimulates several genes implicated in the apoptotic process such as the caspase-3 signaling pathway. RBE provides protection against UVB-induced death of skin cells by removal of oxidative stress. Again, ROS production will induce damage to cellular macromolecules such as DNA and protein. Oxidation of protein and DNA characterized by protein carbonylation and 8-OHdG modification was ameliorated by RBE pre-treatment, which attenuated skin injury caused by UVB radiation. Oxidative stress caused by the UVB would result in increased ROS generation and reduced antioxidant capacity, leading to a visible deterioration in skin condition. Albumin, with a good binding capacity for water, is destroyed by carbonylated modification, leading to the decrease of TEWL.

In addition, antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and SOD are consumed during oxidative stress. Therefore, the levels of these enzymes could be used as a hallmark of oxidative. The application of RBE significantly inhibits UVB-induced oxidative stress by upregulating the catalase and SOD levels in the photo-damaged skin which implies that the protective effects of RBE at least partially contribute to its capability in the ROS-scavenging and antioxidant activity after UVB irradiation.
The transcription factor, Nrf2, may serve as a critical regulator responsible for oxidative stress. It is released and translocated to the nucleus where it stimulates the expression of detoxification enzymes and antioxidant proteins. Of the antioxidant enzymes, HO-1 is considered beneficial for removing ROS in different types of cells. Herein, the levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 were significantly diminished by UVB stimulation accompanied by ROS production whereas RBE remarkably inhibited the Nrf2/HO-1 signalling and inflammatory responses indicated by the suppression of c-Jun as well as NF-κB. UVB-mediated COX-2 expression is associated with erythema, and therefore, COX-2 could be a feasible target for preventing photo-inflammation. RBE remarkably suppressed UVB-promoted protein levels of COX-2. RBE inhibits UVB-induced inflammation and injury in the skin and is mediated by Nrf2/HO-1 activation as well as suppression of the NF-κB pathway, thereby promoting its clinical use in skin therapy. Furthermore, RBE seems to play a functional role against UVB-induced damage via suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK kinases induced by UVB irradiation. Previous research indicated that the blockade of the p38 MAPK pathway inhibited the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and COX-2. RBE could moderately absorb the UV and the ABS is approximately equal to 0.5. In this regard, RBE should partially exhibit the anti-UVB effects via the absorption function, which might explain some of the skin protection effects.
Thus, RBE administration protects against UVB-induced photodamage via activating Nrf2 signalling cascade which is referred to as the master regulator of the antioxidant response, modulating various antioxidant enzymes. RBE also inhibits MAPK P38 kinase, c-Jun, and NF-κB to diminish UVB-induced skin inflammation. The RBE is a promising reagent used in the prevention of photo damage in acute UVB-exposed and chronic inflammatory skin diseases

⚜ Super fast 3-in-1 triple deep cleansing formula
⚜ Nourishes and moisturizes the skin leaving it smooth & supple
⚜ Instantly dissolves into the skin & prevents makeup from clogging the skin's pores.
⚜ Removes trapped impurities and pollution, waterproof makeup & excess oil without stripping the skin’s moisture.
⚜ Hydrates skin & keeps it healthy and glowing.
⚜ Breaks down and melts away stubborn liquid lipstick, full coverage foundation, and even waterproof mascara and liner.
⚜ Helps balance the skin's pH levels and prevent both dryness and oiliness
⚜ Gentle enough for the eye region
⚜ Doesn’t leave behind any residue and rinses off quickly and easily
⚜ Prevents dry, stretchy and itchy skin
⚜ Rich creamy texture doesn't dry out skin
⚜ Pleasant to use, without a sticky or greasy feeling
⚜ Refreshing and soothing.
⚜ Protects and nourishes the skin's acid mantle (skin's protective layer that keeps dirt and pollutants out while locking in moisture and natural oils).
⚜ Removes dead skin cells, dullness, skin tan, skin impurities
⚜ Penetrates deep and tightens the pores
⚜ Anti-Oxidants powerhouse
⚜ Rich, luxurious, and creamy texture

⚪ Moviestar™ Makeup Melter Cream has a mesmerizingly luxurious fragrance

⚪ Its natural and paraben free fragrance is created by combining the following certified organic ingredients:
⚜ Rose (sweet, fresh, and slightly spicy, with undertones of green, fruity, and powdery notes)
⚜ Lavender (has a delicate, sweet smell that is floral, herbal, and evergreen woodsy at the same time)

⚜ Scoop desired amount of this thick liquid and apply to dry skin.
⚜ Massage it in a circular, upward motion using your fingertips ill the makeup melts.
⚜ Rinse off with normal water to effortlessly remove all stubborn makeup including waterproof foundations, mascaras, eyeliners, lipsticks, eye-shadows; in addition to sunscreen, all signs of pollution including dirt & fine dust, while retaining the suppleness of your skin.

⚜ Best for daily use because it retains moisture in your skin while getting rid of pollutants and thoroughly cleansing skin without leaving the skin oily or greasy, and it rinses off quickly and easily.
⚜ It can be used at any time of the day or night to remove makeup or traces of outdoor pollution and grime.

⚜ For actors and Actresses (men and women)
⚜ Ideal for those who have to apply makeup every day.
⚜ Suitable for everyone who wants to protect their face from pollution
⚜ All skin types
⚜ Perfect for those who do not have time for multiple cleansing rounds
⚜ For those who care for Environment: This natural makeup melter cream is infinitely more environment friendly than makeup remover wipes. Makeup remover wipes are anything but good for you or the environment as they are among the biggest contributors of household waste, accounting for up to 93% of sewer blockages. It ends up in landfills for years, taking almost 100 years to decompose due to the non-biodegradable plastic in its ingredient.

BestIndian™ practices 100% transparency, and believes in disclosing all ingredients used in its products. BestIndian™ guarantees that no other ingredient, apart from those listed below, has been used in this natural and synthetic chemicals free BestIndian™ Luxury:


Red raspberry oil ⚜ Grape seed oil ⚜ Vetiver root hydrosol infused with himalayan turmeric ⚜ Manjistha ⚜ Jojoba ⚜ Red mustard powders ⚜ Cetearyl alcohol ⚜ Beeswax ⚜ Aloevera juice ⚜ Olivem 1000 ⚜ Sensicare ⚜ Essential oils of Rose & Lavender.

⚜ Store in a cool and dry place, away from direct sunlight.
⚜ For external use only.
⚜ Reading the ingredients list is recommended to ensure that the user is not allergic to any ingredient herb.
⚜ Patch test is recommended on a small area of the skin prior to the first usage.
⚜ Best before 24 months from manufacturing.

This product has been thoroughly tested by dermatologists and is guaranteed safe and dermatologist approved.

Bharat

Skin is a major human body component as delivery medium of cosmetic active ingredient, which contain multi-layered structure; (1) stratum corneum that composed with dead keratinized cells, (2) epidermis and dermis, and (3) sub-cutaneous tissue. Keratinized cells of SC contain lipid matrix composed of fatty acids, ceramides, cholesterol, and cholesterol ester which has a cement-like function characteristic.

There are three possible pathway for the topical delivery of active ingredients- intercellular, hair follicles and transcellular pathways. Intercellular pathway takes place where substance diffuses through stratum corneum via the lipid layers surrounded by keratinized cells. Second, delivery path, which is known as the hair follicles path, functions as a reservoir of active compound topically applied onto skin. This is attributable to the hair follicles part containing a dense network of blood capillaries that serve as supporting penetration medium. Third path is transcellular penetration that involve a direct delivery of active compound through the lipid layers and corneocytes to the living cells.

⚪ Makeup remover wipes Vs. Makeup Melter Cream:
Promoted as an effortless option for healthy skin, makeup remover wipes are anything but good for you or the environment. Makeup wipes are among the biggest offender of household waste, contributing to 93% of sewer blockages in the UK only. It ends up in landfills for years, taking almost 100 years to decompose due to the non-biodegradable plastic in its ingredient.

Similar to other chemical-based makeup removers, makeup wipes are loaded with surfactants, solubilizers, and emulsifiers that work by lifting oil, dirt, and makeup residue. These harsh and toxic chemicals disturb your skin's pH balance and acid mantle (skin's protective layer that keeps dirt and pollutants out while locking in moisture and natural oils; a healthy acid mantle is essential for skin health). Makeup remover wipes completely strip the natural oils from your skin, causing irritation and redness, misleading people into believing that they have sensitive skin.

Facial wipes are not designed for deep cleaning, or for removing all the impurities from the face. Instead, they break down the makeup particles, leaving behind smaller particles of residual makeup and oil that lead to clogged pores over time.

Not only do they not cleanse properly, but the process of wiping leaves your skin red, raw, and irritated. The rubbing motion required to lift the makeup can cause inflammation and micro-tears. Over time, the process causes premature wrinkles and skin pigmentation.

Extensive exposure to UVB (280–320 nm) is the major risk responsible for various skin injuries. Numerous reports have shown that natural products could demonstrate photochemopreventive efficacy against UVB damage. Red raspberry extract prevent UVB-caused cell death and protect the skin against UVB-exposed injury manifested by wrinkling, scaling, tanning, and water loss as well as epidermal thickening. In addition, red raspberry extract application effectively abolished oxidative damage in DNA and attenuated the carbonylation level of proteins, which attributed to the activation of SOD, Nrf2 and its target genes, and HO-1. Red raspberry extract also altered the cells' apoptotic signaling pathways including caspase-3 as well as the inflammatory cascade such as c-jun and attenuated UVB-induced activation of NF-κB and COX-2. Red raspberry extract could alleviate direct photodamage to the skin caused by UVB exposure through the ROS scavenger and protection against inflammatory responses, which may allow the development of novel strategies in protecting the skin subjected to UVB radiation.

Photon energy, especially ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation, induces many deleterious effects including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, and carcinogenesis. Previous studies have suggested that these events are mainly caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), which would eventually result in various skin diseases. Application of antioxidants should therefore be the effective strategy for photoprotection of the skin.
Compelling evidence showed that berry fruits possess antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic properties because berries contain large amounts of phytochemicals, including flavonoids, tannins, stillbenoids, phenolic acids, lignans, triterpenes, and sterols. Raspberry could exhibit the effect of moistening the skin and reducing the redness as well as swelling of the skin. As expected, several bioactive constituents, including polyphenolic compounds, antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, have been extracted from red raspberries (Rubus idaeus), while the effects and molecular mechanisms of red raspberry on skin photodamage have not been reported. ROS generation due to UVB radiation would disturb the normal redox balance and lead to highly oxidative stress, which subsequently promotes the carbonylation of specific groups of proteins and results in physiological dysfunction. When carbonyl groups form, they can react with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNP) and are detected by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) oxyblotting. UVB could also elicit acute inflammatory skin problems such as erythema and cell apoptosis. UVB-caused promotion of proinflammatory enzymes and the subsequent activation of an associated signaling pathway such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) would in turn trigger the production of specific inflammatory mediators including prostaglandins (PGs) and various cytokines. COX-2 cascades mediate the inflammatory process and cause pain, edema, cell growth, and tumor progression. It has been implied that inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of skin diseases under UVB exposure

Exposure to UV radiation, particularly UVB (290–320 nm), elicited harmful biological effects on the skin that could eventually result in histologic and clinical injuries such as skin aging and cancers. Prolonged exposure to UVB radiation would lead to apoptosis of keratinocytes and consequently destroy the skin's natural barrier, thus predisposing the skin to inflammation, infection, and carcinogenesis. Numerous reports have shown that natural product-derived agents would exhibit photoprotective efficacy on a UVB-damaged skin due to their diverse bioactive compounds. Moreover, the extract from berries has been added to various skin products such as creams and lotions because the extract is believed to have an efficacy on skin care with a low rate of side effects. In this regard, we investigated the antiphotodamaging activity of RBE both in vitro and in vivo because the protective potentials of RBE on the skin have remained unresolved.

Pretreatment of RBE could attenuate the skin photoaging characterized by skin thickening, erythema, wrinkles, dryness, tanning, and histologic changes, including damage to collagen fibers and abnormal growth of keratinocytes. Particularly, a previous study has indicated that the apoptotic dose of UVB is very similar to the minimal erythema dose (MED) of UVB, implying that UV-induced erythema might be an inflammatory response to the appearance of “sunburn cells” such as apoptotic cells in native human epidermis. It clearly suggests that the epidermis displays abnormal proliferation and differentiation after the UVB-caused sunburn, which appears to be crucially correlated with the impact on skin barrier function leading to photoageing or photocarcinogenesis.

The primary compounds of RBE applied here contain various types of antioxidants including cyanidin, ellagic acid, pelagonidin-3-sophoroside, and their derivatives. These bioactive compounds scavenge free radicals, particularly superoxide anions, and therefore may prevent skin injury since the increased oxygen-derived free radical has been suggested as a pivotal factor in UVB-caused skin problems. UVB exposure induces the ROS production that initiates apoptosis of skin cells and stimulates several genes implicated in the apoptotic process such as the caspase-3 signaling pathway. RBE provides protection against UVB-induced death of skin cells by removal of oxidative stress. Again, ROS production will induce damage to cellular macromolecules such as DNA and protein. Oxidation of protein and DNA characterized by protein carbonylation and 8-OHdG modification was ameliorated by RBE pre-treatment, which attenuated skin injury caused by UVB radiation. Oxidative stress caused by the UVB would result in increased ROS generation and reduced antioxidant capacity, leading to a visible deterioration in skin condition. Albumin, with a good binding capacity for water, is destroyed by carbonylated modification, leading to the decrease of TEWL.

In addition, antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and SOD are consumed during oxidative stress. Therefore, the levels of these enzymes could be used as a hallmark of oxidative. The application of RBE significantly inhibits UVB-induced oxidative stress by upregulating the catalase and SOD levels in the photo-damaged skin which implies that the protective effects of RBE at least partially contribute to its capability in the ROS-scavenging and antioxidant activity after UVB irradiation.
The transcription factor, Nrf2, may serve as a critical regulator responsible for oxidative stress. It is released and translocated to the nucleus where it stimulates the expression of detoxification enzymes and antioxidant proteins. Of the antioxidant enzymes, HO-1 is considered beneficial for removing ROS in different types of cells. Herein, the levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 were significantly diminished by UVB stimulation accompanied by ROS production whereas RBE remarkably inhibited the Nrf2/HO-1 signalling and inflammatory responses indicated by the suppression of c-Jun as well as NF-κB. UVB-mediated COX-2 expression is associated with erythema, and therefore, COX-2 could be a feasible target for preventing photo-inflammation. RBE remarkably suppressed UVB-promoted protein levels of COX-2. RBE inhibits UVB-induced inflammation and injury in the skin and is mediated by Nrf2/HO-1 activation as well as suppression of the NF-κB pathway, thereby promoting its clinical use in skin therapy. Furthermore, RBE seems to play a functional role against UVB-induced damage via suppressing the activation of p38 MAPK kinases induced by UVB irradiation. Previous research indicated that the blockade of the p38 MAPK pathway inhibited the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and COX-2. RBE could moderately absorb the UV and the ABS is approximately equal to 0.5. In this regard, RBE should partially exhibit the anti-UVB effects via the absorption function, which might explain some of the skin protection effects.
Thus, RBE administration protects against UVB-induced photodamage via activating Nrf2 signalling cascade which is referred to as the master regulator of the antioxidant response, modulating various antioxidant enzymes. RBE also inhibits MAPK P38 kinase, c-Jun, and NF-κB to diminish UVB-induced skin inflammation. The RBE is a promising reagent used in the prevention of photo damage in acute UVB-exposed and chronic inflammatory skin diseases